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Passage 3
The name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of the world by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea. Had she died -as she nearly did -upon her return to England, her reputation would hardly have been different; her legend would have come down to us almost as we know it today — that gentle vision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoring eyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari. Yet, as a matter of fact, she lived for more than half a century after the Crimean War; and during the greater part of that long period all the energy and all the devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could, indeed, hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs; but it was certainly more important. The true history was far stranger even than the myth. In Miss Nightingale's own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident — scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career. It was the fulcrum with which she hoped to move the world; but it was only the fulcrum. For more than a generation she was to sit in secret, working her lever: and her real life began at the very moment when, in popular imagination, it had ended. She arrived in England in a shattered state of health. The hardships and the ceaseless efforts of the last two years had undermined her nervous system; her heart was affected; she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter physical prostration. The doctors declared that one thing alone would save her — a complete and prolonged rest. But that was also the one thing with which she would have nothing to do. She had never been in the habit of resting; why should she begin now? Now, when her opportunity had come at last; now, when the iron was hot, and it was time to strike? No; she had work to do; and, come what might, she would do it. The doctors protested in vain; in vain her family lamented and entreated, in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness of such a course. Madness? Mad — possessed — perhaps she was. A frenzy had seized upon her. As she lay upon her sofa, gasping, she devoured blue-books, dictated letters, and, in the intervals of her palpitations, cracked jokes. For months at a stretch she never left her bed. But she would not rest. At this rate, the doctors assured her, even if she did not die, she would become an invalid for life. She could not help that; there was work to be done; and, as for rest, very likely she might rest ... when she had done it. Wherever she went, to London or in the country, in the hills of Derbyshire, or among the rhododendrons at Embley, she was haunted by a ghost. It was the specter of Scutari — the hideous vision of the organization of a military hospital. She would lay that phantom, or she would perish. The whole system of the Army Medical Department, the education of the Medical Officer, the regulations of hospital procedure ... rest? How could she rest while these things were as they were, while, if the like necessity were to arise again, the like results would follow? And, even in peace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of the Army? The mortality in the barracks, was, she found, nearly double the mortality in civil life. “You might as well take 1,100 men every year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot them,” she said. After inspecting the hospitals at Chatham, she smiled grimly. “Yes, this is one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea, put to death 16,000 men.” Scutari had given her knowledge; and it had given her power too: her enormous reputation was at her back — an incalculable force. Other work, other duties, might lie before her; but the most urgent, the most obvious, of all was to look to the health of the Army.
41. According to the author, the work done during the last fifty years of Florence Nightingale's life was, when compared with her work in the Crimea, all of the following except ________.
A. less dramatic
B. less demanding
C. less well-known to the public
D. more important
42. Paragraph two paints a picture of a woman who is ________.
A. mentally shattered
B. stubborn and querulous
C. physically weak but mentally indomitable
D. purposeful yet tiresome
43. The primary purpose of paragraph 3 is to ________.
A. account for conditions in the army
B. show the need for hospital reform
C. explain Miss Nightingale's main concerns
D. argue that peace time conditions were worse than wartime conditions
44. The author's attitude to his material is ________.
A. disinterested reporting of biographical details
B. over-inflation of a reputation
C. debunking a myth
D. interpretation as well as narration
45. In her statement Miss Nightingale intended to ________.
A. criticize the conditions in hospitals
B. highlight the unhealthy conditions under which ordinary soldiers were living
C. prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a military hospital
D. ridicule the dangers of army life
Passage 4
How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies. Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected. As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.
46. Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?
A. What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering?
B. Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty?
C. Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures?
D. How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities?
47. The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following?
A. The overall causes of poverty
B. Deficiencies in the training of the work force
C. Trade relationships among producers of goods
D. Shortages of jobs providing adequate income
48. Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?
A. Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.
B. A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.
C. New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.
D. Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.
49. The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by ________.
A. the employed poor
B. dependent children in single-earner families
C. workers who become disabled
D. retired workers
50. According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to over predict the amount of economic hardship is the ________.
A. recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers
B. possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker
C. fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor
D. establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics
参考答案：
41. 选B。南丁格尔女士后五十年的工作，按作者的话说，是鞠躬尽瘁的（all the energy and all the devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highest pitch），显然说她的生活变得轻松（less demanding）是不对的。作者用legend来形容南丁格尔女士在克里米尔地区的经历，认为她即使在克里米亚战后当即死去，她的传说也会流传下来。因此，比起在克里米亚地区的传奇故事，她后50年的工作经历毫无疑问少了几分传奇色彩（less dramatic）。从原文What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could, indeed, hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs; but it was certainly more important可知，她后五十年的经历虽然不如之前那么广为人知（hardly been more glorious），但却更为重要（more important）。故排除A、C、D。
43. 选C。第三段叙述了南丁格尔女士对军队医疗条件的担忧。文章的重点在南丁格尔女士其人，而非当时军队条件，又或是医疗改革。因此，排除A、B、D。
45. 选A。A项对B、C、D三项做了总结。
46. 选D。全篇开头即是中心句。劳动市场问题（即低工资和高失业率）对社会所造成的冲击很难用数据体现。然后全文从数据对社会问题的夸大和低估两个方面开始进行分析。
47. 选D。全文中提到的劳动市场问题只有低工资和高就业率。显然很多问题可以导致贫困，如疾病、意外等，这些并不属于劳动市场问题，故A项错误。全文并未提及员工缺少培训或生产者之间的贸易关系，故排除B、C。